SQLite support for appservice

appservice/consumers/roomserver.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import (
 type OutputRoomEventConsumer struct {
 	roomServerConsumer *common.ContinualConsumer
 	db                 accounts.Database
-	asDB               *storage.Database
+	asDB               storage.Database
 	query              api.RoomserverQueryAPI
 	alias              api.RoomserverAliasAPI
 	serverName         string
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func NewOutputRoomEventConsumer(
 	cfg *config.Dendrite,
 	kafkaConsumer sarama.Consumer,
 	store accounts.Database,
-	appserviceDB *storage.Database,
+	appserviceDB storage.Database,
 	queryAPI api.RoomserverQueryAPI,
 	aliasAPI api.RoomserverAliasAPI,
 	workerStates []types.ApplicationServiceWorkerState,

appservice/storage/postgres/appservice_events_table.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package storage
+package postgres
 
 import (
 	"context"

appservice/storage/postgres/storage.go

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package postgres
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+
+	// Import postgres database driver
+	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
+)
+
+// Database stores events intended to be later sent to application services
+type Database struct {
+	events eventsStatements
+	txnID  txnStatements
+	db     *sql.DB
+}
+
+// NewDatabase opens a new database
+func NewDatabase(dataSourceName string) (*Database, error) {
+	var result Database
+	var err error
+	if result.db, err = sql.Open("postgres", dataSourceName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = result.prepare(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &result, nil
+}
+
+func (d *Database) prepare() error {
+	if err := d.events.prepare(d.db); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return d.txnID.prepare(d.db)
+}
+
+// StoreEvent takes in a gomatrixserverlib.Event and stores it in the database
+// for a transaction worker to pull and later send to an application service.
+func (d *Database) StoreEvent(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appServiceID string,
+	event *gomatrixserverlib.Event,
+) error {
+	return d.events.insertEvent(ctx, appServiceID, event)
+}
+
+// GetEventsWithAppServiceID returns a slice of events and their IDs intended to
+// be sent to an application service given its ID.
+func (d *Database) GetEventsWithAppServiceID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appServiceID string,
+	limit int,
+) (int, int, []gomatrixserverlib.Event, bool, error) {
+	return d.events.selectEventsByApplicationServiceID(ctx, appServiceID, limit)
+}
+
+// CountEventsWithAppServiceID returns the number of events destined for an
+// application service given its ID.
+func (d *Database) CountEventsWithAppServiceID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appServiceID string,
+) (int, error) {
+	return d.events.countEventsByApplicationServiceID(ctx, appServiceID)
+}
+
+// UpdateTxnIDForEvents takes in an application service ID and a
+// and stores them in the DB, unless the pair already exists, in
+// which case it updates them.
+func (d *Database) UpdateTxnIDForEvents(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appserviceID string,
+	maxID, txnID int,
+) error {
+	return d.events.updateTxnIDForEvents(ctx, appserviceID, maxID, txnID)
+}
+
+// RemoveEventsBeforeAndIncludingID removes all events from the database that
+// are less than or equal to a given maximum ID. IDs here are implemented as a
+// serial, thus this should always delete events in chronological order.
+func (d *Database) RemoveEventsBeforeAndIncludingID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appserviceID string,
+	eventTableID int,
+) error {
+	return d.events.deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingID(ctx, appserviceID, eventTableID)
+}
+
+// GetLatestTxnID returns the latest available transaction id
+func (d *Database) GetLatestTxnID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+) (int, error) {
+	return d.txnID.selectTxnID(ctx)
+}

appservice/storage/postgres/txn_id_counter_table.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package storage
+package postgres
 
 import (
 	"context"

appservice/storage/sqlite3/appservice_events_table.go

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+// Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package sqlite3
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+const appserviceEventsSchema = `
+-- Stores events to be sent to application services
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS appservice_events (
+	-- An auto-incrementing id unique to each event in the table
+	id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+	-- The ID of the application service the event will be sent to
+	as_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+	-- JSON representation of the event
+	event_json TEXT NOT NULL,
+	-- The ID of the transaction that this event is a part of
+	txn_id INTEGER NOT NULL
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS appservice_events_as_id ON appservice_events(as_id);
+`
+
+const selectEventsByApplicationServiceIDSQL = "" +
+	"SELECT id, event_json, txn_id " +
+	"FROM appservice_events WHERE as_id = $1 ORDER BY txn_id DESC, id ASC"
+
+const countEventsByApplicationServiceIDSQL = "" +
+	"SELECT COUNT(id) FROM appservice_events WHERE as_id = $1"
+
+const insertEventSQL = "" +
+	"INSERT INTO appservice_events(as_id, event_json, txn_id) " +
+	"VALUES ($1, $2, $3)"
+
+const updateTxnIDForEventsSQL = "" +
+	"UPDATE appservice_events SET txn_id = $1 WHERE as_id = $2 AND id <= $3"
+
+const deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingIDSQL = "" +
+	"DELETE FROM appservice_events WHERE as_id = $1 AND id <= $2"
+
+const (
+	// A transaction ID number that no transaction should ever have. Used for
+	// checking again the default value.
+	invalidTxnID = -2
+)
+
+type eventsStatements struct {
+	selectEventsByApplicationServiceIDStmt *sql.Stmt
+	countEventsByApplicationServiceIDStmt  *sql.Stmt
+	insertEventStmt                        *sql.Stmt
+	updateTxnIDForEventsStmt               *sql.Stmt
+	deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingIDStmt   *sql.Stmt
+}
+
+func (s *eventsStatements) prepare(db *sql.DB) (err error) {
+	_, err = db.Exec(appserviceEventsSchema)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if s.selectEventsByApplicationServiceIDStmt, err = db.Prepare(selectEventsByApplicationServiceIDSQL); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.countEventsByApplicationServiceIDStmt, err = db.Prepare(countEventsByApplicationServiceIDSQL); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.insertEventStmt, err = db.Prepare(insertEventSQL); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.updateTxnIDForEventsStmt, err = db.Prepare(updateTxnIDForEventsSQL); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingIDStmt, err = db.Prepare(deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingIDSQL); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// selectEventsByApplicationServiceID takes in an application service ID and
+// returns a slice of events that need to be sent to that application service,
+// as well as an int later used to remove these same events from the database
+// once successfully sent to an application service.
+func (s *eventsStatements) selectEventsByApplicationServiceID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	applicationServiceID string,
+	limit int,
+) (
+	txnID, maxID int,
+	events []gomatrixserverlib.Event,
+	eventsRemaining bool,
+	err error,
+) {
+	// Retrieve events from the database. Unsuccessfully sent events first
+	eventRows, err := s.selectEventsByApplicationServiceIDStmt.QueryContext(ctx, applicationServiceID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		err = eventRows.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+				"appservice": applicationServiceID,
+			}).WithError(err).Fatalf("appservice unable to select new events to send")
+		}
+	}()
+	events, maxID, txnID, eventsRemaining, err = retrieveEvents(eventRows, limit)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func retrieveEvents(eventRows *sql.Rows, limit int) (events []gomatrixserverlib.Event, maxID, txnID int, eventsRemaining bool, err error) {
+	// Get current time for use in calculating event age
+	nowMilli := time.Now().UnixNano() / int64(time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Iterate through each row and store event contents
+	// If txn_id changes dramatically, we've switched from collecting old events to
+	// new ones. Send back those events first.
+	lastTxnID := invalidTxnID
+	for eventsProcessed := 0; eventRows.Next(); {
+		var event gomatrixserverlib.Event
+		var eventJSON []byte
+		var id int
+		err = eventRows.Scan(
+			&id,
+			&eventJSON,
+			&txnID,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, 0, 0, false, err
+		}
+
+		// Unmarshal eventJSON
+		if err = json.Unmarshal(eventJSON, &event); err != nil {
+			return nil, 0, 0, false, err
+		}
+
+		// If txnID has changed on this event from the previous event, then we've
+		// reached the end of a transaction's events. Return only those events.
+		if lastTxnID > invalidTxnID && lastTxnID != txnID {
+			return events, maxID, lastTxnID, true, nil
+		}
+		lastTxnID = txnID
+
+		// Limit events that aren't part of an old transaction
+		if txnID == -1 {
+			// Return if we've hit the limit
+			if eventsProcessed++; eventsProcessed > limit {
+				return events, maxID, lastTxnID, true, nil
+			}
+		}
+
+		if id > maxID {
+			maxID = id
+		}
+
+		// Portion of the event that is unsigned due to rapid change
+		// TODO: Consider removing age as not many app services use it
+		if err = event.SetUnsignedField("age", nowMilli-int64(event.OriginServerTS())); err != nil {
+			return nil, 0, 0, false, err
+		}
+
+		events = append(events, event)
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// countEventsByApplicationServiceID inserts an event mapped to its corresponding application service
+// IDs into the db.
+func (s *eventsStatements) countEventsByApplicationServiceID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appServiceID string,
+) (int, error) {
+	var count int
+	err := s.countEventsByApplicationServiceIDStmt.QueryRowContext(ctx, appServiceID).Scan(&count)
+	if err != nil && err != sql.ErrNoRows {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	return count, nil
+}
+
+// insertEvent inserts an event mapped to its corresponding application service
+// IDs into the db.
+func (s *eventsStatements) insertEvent(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appServiceID string,
+	event *gomatrixserverlib.Event,
+) (err error) {
+	// Convert event to JSON before inserting
+	eventJSON, err := json.Marshal(event)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err = s.insertEventStmt.ExecContext(
+		ctx,
+		appServiceID,
+		eventJSON,
+		-1, // No transaction ID yet
+	)
+	return
+}
+
+// updateTxnIDForEvents sets the transactionID for a collection of events. Done
+// before sending them to an AppService. Referenced before sending to make sure
+// we aren't constructing multiple transactions with the same events.
+func (s *eventsStatements) updateTxnIDForEvents(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appserviceID string,
+	maxID, txnID int,
+) (err error) {
+	_, err = s.updateTxnIDForEventsStmt.ExecContext(ctx, txnID, appserviceID, maxID)
+	return
+}
+
+// deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingID removes events matching given IDs from the database.
+func (s *eventsStatements) deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appserviceID string,
+	eventTableID int,
+) (err error) {
+	_, err = s.deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingIDStmt.ExecContext(ctx, appserviceID, eventTableID)
+	return
+}

appservice/storage/sqlite3/storage.go

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package sqlite3
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+
+	// Import SQLite database driver
+	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
+	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
+)
+
+// Database stores events intended to be later sent to application services
+type Database struct {
+	events eventsStatements
+	txnID  txnStatements
+	db     *sql.DB
+}
+
+// NewDatabase opens a new database
+func NewDatabase(dataSourceName string) (*Database, error) {
+	var result Database
+	var err error
+	if result.db, err = sql.Open("sqlite3", dataSourceName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = result.prepare(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &result, nil
+}
+
+func (d *Database) prepare() error {
+	if err := d.events.prepare(d.db); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return d.txnID.prepare(d.db)
+}
+
+// StoreEvent takes in a gomatrixserverlib.Event and stores it in the database
+// for a transaction worker to pull and later send to an application service.
+func (d *Database) StoreEvent(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appServiceID string,
+	event *gomatrixserverlib.Event,
+) error {
+	return d.events.insertEvent(ctx, appServiceID, event)
+}
+
+// GetEventsWithAppServiceID returns a slice of events and their IDs intended to
+// be sent to an application service given its ID.
+func (d *Database) GetEventsWithAppServiceID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appServiceID string,
+	limit int,
+) (int, int, []gomatrixserverlib.Event, bool, error) {
+	return d.events.selectEventsByApplicationServiceID(ctx, appServiceID, limit)
+}
+
+// CountEventsWithAppServiceID returns the number of events destined for an
+// application service given its ID.
+func (d *Database) CountEventsWithAppServiceID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appServiceID string,
+) (int, error) {
+	return d.events.countEventsByApplicationServiceID(ctx, appServiceID)
+}
+
+// UpdateTxnIDForEvents takes in an application service ID and a
+// and stores them in the DB, unless the pair already exists, in
+// which case it updates them.
+func (d *Database) UpdateTxnIDForEvents(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appserviceID string,
+	maxID, txnID int,
+) error {
+	return d.events.updateTxnIDForEvents(ctx, appserviceID, maxID, txnID)
+}
+
+// RemoveEventsBeforeAndIncludingID removes all events from the database that
+// are less than or equal to a given maximum ID. IDs here are implemented as a
+// serial, thus this should always delete events in chronological order.
+func (d *Database) RemoveEventsBeforeAndIncludingID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	appserviceID string,
+	eventTableID int,
+) error {
+	return d.events.deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingID(ctx, appserviceID, eventTableID)
+}
+
+// GetLatestTxnID returns the latest available transaction id
+func (d *Database) GetLatestTxnID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+) (int, error) {
+	return d.txnID.selectTxnID(ctx)
+}

appservice/storage/sqlite3/txn_id_counter_table.go

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package sqlite3
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+)
+
+const txnIDSchema = `
+-- Keeps a count of the current transaction ID
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS appservice_counters (
+  name TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
+  last_id INTEGER DEFAULT 1
+);
+INSERT OR IGNORE INTO appservice_counters (name, last_id) VALUES('txn_id', 1);
+`
+
+const selectTxnIDSQL = `
+  SELECT last_id FROM appservice_counters WHERE name='txn_id';
+  UPDATE appservice_counters SET last_id=last_id+1 WHERE name='txn_id';
+`
+
+type txnStatements struct {
+	selectTxnIDStmt *sql.Stmt
+}
+
+func (s *txnStatements) prepare(db *sql.DB) (err error) {
+	_, err = db.Exec(txnIDSchema)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if s.selectTxnIDStmt, err = db.Prepare(selectTxnIDSQL); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// selectTxnID selects the latest ascending transaction ID
+func (s *txnStatements) selectTxnID(
+	ctx context.Context,
+) (txnID int, err error) {
+	err = s.selectTxnIDStmt.QueryRowContext(ctx).Scan(&txnID)
+	return
+}

appservice/storage/storage.go

@@ -1,110 +1,34 @@
-// Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
 package storage
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"database/sql"
+	"net/url"
 
-	// Import postgres database driver
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/appservice/storage/postgres"
-	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/appservice/storage/sqlite3"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 )
 
-// Database stores events intended to be later sent to application services
+type Database interface {
-type Database struct {
+	StoreEvent(ctx context.Context, appServiceID string, event *gomatrixserverlib.Event) error
-	events eventsStatements
+	GetEventsWithAppServiceID(ctx context.Context, appServiceID string, limit int) (int, int, []gomatrixserverlib.Event, bool, error)
-	txnID  txnStatements
+	CountEventsWithAppServiceID(ctx context.Context, appServiceID string) (int, error)
-	db     *sql.DB
+	UpdateTxnIDForEvents(ctx context.Context, appserviceID string, maxID, txnID int) error
+	RemoveEventsBeforeAndIncludingID(ctx context.Context, appserviceID string, eventTableID int) error
+	GetLatestTxnID(ctx context.Context) (int, error)
 }
 
-// NewDatabase opens a new database
+func NewDatabase(dataSourceName string) (Database, error) {
-func NewDatabase(dataSourceName string) (*Database, error) {
+	uri, err := url.Parse(dataSourceName)
-	var result Database
+	if err != nil {
-	var err error
+		return postgres.NewDatabase(dataSourceName)
-	if result.db, err = sql.Open("postgres", dataSourceName); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err = result.prepare(); err != nil {
+	switch uri.Scheme {
-		return nil, err
+	case "postgres":
+		return postgres.NewDatabase(dataSourceName)
+	case "file":
+		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(dataSourceName)
+	default:
+		return postgres.NewDatabase(dataSourceName)
 	}
-	return &result, nil
-}
-
-func (d *Database) prepare() error {
-	if err := d.events.prepare(d.db); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return d.txnID.prepare(d.db)
-}
-
-// StoreEvent takes in a gomatrixserverlib.Event and stores it in the database
-// for a transaction worker to pull and later send to an application service.
-func (d *Database) StoreEvent(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	appServiceID string,
-	event *gomatrixserverlib.Event,
-) error {
-	return d.events.insertEvent(ctx, appServiceID, event)
-}
-
-// GetEventsWithAppServiceID returns a slice of events and their IDs intended to
-// be sent to an application service given its ID.
-func (d *Database) GetEventsWithAppServiceID(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	appServiceID string,
-	limit int,
-) (int, int, []gomatrixserverlib.Event, bool, error) {
-	return d.events.selectEventsByApplicationServiceID(ctx, appServiceID, limit)
-}
-
-// CountEventsWithAppServiceID returns the number of events destined for an
-// application service given its ID.
-func (d *Database) CountEventsWithAppServiceID(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	appServiceID string,
-) (int, error) {
-	return d.events.countEventsByApplicationServiceID(ctx, appServiceID)
-}
-
-// UpdateTxnIDForEvents takes in an application service ID and a
-// and stores them in the DB, unless the pair already exists, in
-// which case it updates them.
-func (d *Database) UpdateTxnIDForEvents(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	appserviceID string,
-	maxID, txnID int,
-) error {
-	return d.events.updateTxnIDForEvents(ctx, appserviceID, maxID, txnID)
-}
-
-// RemoveEventsBeforeAndIncludingID removes all events from the database that
-// are less than or equal to a given maximum ID. IDs here are implemented as a
-// serial, thus this should always delete events in chronological order.
-func (d *Database) RemoveEventsBeforeAndIncludingID(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	appserviceID string,
-	eventTableID int,
-) error {
-	return d.events.deleteEventsBeforeAndIncludingID(ctx, appserviceID, eventTableID)
-}
-
-// GetLatestTxnID returns the latest available transaction id
-func (d *Database) GetLatestTxnID(
-	ctx context.Context,
-) (int, error) {
-	return d.txnID.selectTxnID(ctx)
 }

appservice/workers/transaction_scheduler.go

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ var (
 // size), then send that off to the AS's /transactions/{txnID} endpoint. It also
 // handles exponentially backing off in case the AS isn't currently available.
 func SetupTransactionWorkers(
-	appserviceDB *storage.Database,
+	appserviceDB storage.Database,
 	workerStates []types.ApplicationServiceWorkerState,
 ) error {
 	// Create a worker that handles transmitting events to a single homeserver
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func SetupTransactionWorkers(
 
 // worker is a goroutine that sends any queued events to the application service
 // it is given.
-func worker(db *storage.Database, ws types.ApplicationServiceWorkerState) {
+func worker(db storage.Database, ws types.ApplicationServiceWorkerState) {
 	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
 		"appservice": ws.AppService.ID,
 	}).Info("starting application service")
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ func backoff(ws *types.ApplicationServiceWorkerState, err error) {
 // transaction, and JSON-encodes the results.
 func createTransaction(
 	ctx context.Context,
-	db *storage.Database,
+	db storage.Database,
 	appserviceID string,
 ) (
 	transactionJSON []byte,